Diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases

The diagnosis is mainly based on medical records, pathological examinations, and photographic images (such as X-rays), but the most important diagnostic tool for infectious diseases is microbial culture. Appropriate substances are provided in the culture medium and placed in the patient sample culture, which is commonly used to diagnose bacterial infections of staphylococci or streptococci. Some vectors cannot be cultured manually, especially most viruses and leptospirosis. In the past, the use of serological markers for the examination of patients has been developed, including the use of antibodies as one of the examination methods. The updated technology can directly use the virus or pathogen-related proteins contained in blood or secretions as a polymerase chain reaction, which not only tests quickly but also greatly improves the accuracy.

Diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases

1. Identification of pathogens

In the past, according to the verification procedure of Koch's Law, it was possible to roughly confirm whether the pathogen of the disease is contagious. This rule successfully verified that Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the pathogen of tuberculosis; however, in many cases this rule cannot be operated as scheduled.

What are the main treatments for infectious diseases?

For the treatment of infectious diseases, the editors of the medical/education/web editor have compiled the following main methods for the candidates of the chief physician of infectious diseases to prepare for reference.

1. General and supportive therapy: general therapy including isolation, care.

Patient isolation varies according to the route of transmission and the manner and timing of pathogen discharge. Good care is very important to ensure that the affected animals are in a comfortable and hygienic environment, the correct implementation of various diagnostic and therapeutic measures and close observation of the changes in the condition.

2. Supportive therapy: including proper nutrition.

Such as a variety of reasonable diets in different diseases, adequate supply of vitamins, enhance the patient's physical and immune functions, such as the application of various blood and immune products, as well as to maintain the necessary measures such as water and electrolyte balance. (Rehydration) These measures play an important role in mobilizing the body's defense and immune function.

3. Pathogens or special effects therapy: the treatment of pathogens has the role of clearing pathogens, to achieve the purpose of radical treatment and control of infectious sources.

Commonly used drugs are antibiotics, chemotherapeutic agents and serum immunological preparations. The drugs against bacteria are mainly antibiotics and chemical agents, and the drugs against the virus are still in the experimental stage, and the efficacy is not satisfactory. Serum immunological preparations include tetanus antitoxin, interferon and interferon inducer.

Proper use of antibiotics should not be used. Otherwise, it may cause drug resistance, toxicity and dysbacteriosis.

Serum therapy: diagnosed, early, adequate.

Antibiotics, especially penicillin and antiserum, are prone to allergic reactions.

4. Symptomatic therapy: reduce or eliminate symptoms. Antipyretic, analgesic, calm, and strong heart to improve microcirculation. The animal is allowed to pass through a dangerous period, so that the body's immune function and pathogenic therapy can play its role in clearing pathogens, promoting and ensuring recovery.

5. Rehabilitation therapy Some infectious diseases such as polio and meningitis can cause a certain degree of sequelae, it is necessary to take acupuncture, physiotherapy and other treatments to promote rehabilitation.

6. Traditional Chinese medicine plays an important role in adjusting the functions of various systems of the affected animals. Some Chinese medicines such as Coptis, Houttuynia cordata and Radix Isatidis have anti-microbial effects.

Common sense of infectious disease prevention in autumn and winter: several common infectious diseases

With the arrival of the autumn and winter seasons, the temperature gradually declines, the weather is cold, and the wind is dry and dry, which is a high incidence of some intestinal infectious diseases, insect-borne diseases and respiratory infectious diseases. What are the common infectious diseases in autumn and winter?

Common sense of infectious disease prevention in autumn and winter: several common infectious diseases

1. Influenza: referred to as influenza, is an acute respiratory infection caused by influenza virus. The main source of infection is patients and virus carriers. It is the most contagious in the first three days before the onset of the disease. The spread of the virus with sneezing, coughing, or talking

Main manifestations: rapid onset, high fever, chills, headache, muscle and joint pain, general malaise, nasal congestion, sore throat and dry cough, a small number of patients may have nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and other gastrointestinal symptoms.

2. Common cold: main performance: sore throat, nasal congestion and runny nose, tears, sneezing, mild fever, headache and sore throat, rarely have symptoms of high fever and body aches, short onset.

3. Chickenpox: Acne is an acute infectious disease caused by varicella zoster virus infection.

Control and elimination of infectious diseases

spectrum of disease control
Because of their specific epidemic, characteristics and different external environment, various infectious diseases have great differences in their prevention goals. At present, most infectious diseases can only aim at controlling the incidence and prevention of epidemics. Very few diseases are effective because they are mature and can meet the elimination requirements. Very few diseases can achieve the goal of elimination under the premise of mature conditions and the concerted efforts of all countries in the world. The prevention of infectious diseases, from control to elimination to elimination of the differences in disease prevention strategies and measures, is called the spectrum of disease control. In order to prevent diseases and promote human health, people expect to gradually control the diseases that are currently difficult to control, and on this basis, they can move toward elimination, and finally achieve the goal of elimination. This process is not only a beautiful ideal of mankind, but also an extremely arduous process. To achieve this goal depends on scientific progress, including the progress of epidemiology and the preparation of relevant conditions.

Control and elimination of infectious diseases

Control refers to reducing the incidence and/or prevalence of the disease. Some diseases have obvious control effects. Once the countermeasures and measures are implemented, the incidence rate drops significantly, such as polio vaccine against polio, measles vaccine against measles, and improved drinking water supply for chronic water-type typhoid fever. There are also some diseases or due to the complex environment, or there are still no effective countermeasures and measures at this stage, so even if measures are taken, the effect is not obvious. There are still many diseases that fall into this category.

What are the preventive measures for infectious diseases?

What are the preventive measures for infectious diseases?

What are the preventive measures for infectious diseases?

Infectious disease prevention measures can be divided into:

• Preventive measures when the epidemic situation does not occur;
• Epidemic prevention measures after the occurrence of the epidemic;
• Therapeutic preventive measures.

Preventive measures
The most effective way to control infectious diseases is prevention and control. Because of the three basic conditions of infectious diseases (the source of infection, the route of transmission and the susceptible population), the lack of any one can not cause the epidemic of infectious diseases, so the prevention of infectious diseases is also Mainly focused on these three aspects:

1. Control the source of infection: This is the most effective way to prevent infectious diseases. For infectious diseases of human infection, it is necessary to properly arrange the patient or the source carrier in a designated isolation position, temporarily isolate from the crowd, actively carry out treatment, care, and have infectious secretions, excretions and utensils, etc. Perform the necessary disinfection to prevent the spread of pathogens. However, if it is an unknown source of infection, especially the source of infection of the animal, it is not easy to get accurate results because it determines the need for epidemiological causal inference and the results of laboratory tests. When a sudden acute infectious disease occurs, it is more difficult to lock the source of infection in a short time. However, once the source of infection is determined, it is necessary to take effective measures to control the source of infection in time to ensure that the source of infection will not continue to spread the pathogen to susceptible populations.

What are the disinfection methods for infectious diseases?

Disinfection purpose and method

What are the disinfection methods for infectious diseases?

Infectious disease disinfection is the use of physical or chemical methods to eliminate the retention of different media.
Pathogens, which cut off the route of transmission and prevent and control the occurrence of infection. Its purpose:
(1) Preventing the spread of pathogens into society and causing epidemics.
(2) Prevent the patient from being infected by other pathogens, complications, and cross infection.
(3) It also protects medical staff from immune infections.

Disinfection alone is not enough to achieve the above objectives. It is necessary to carry out the necessary isolation measures and aseptic operations at work in order to achieve the effect of controlling infection. The effects of disinfection are different for infectious diseases caused by different transmission mechanisms. Infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, the pathogens are excreted with excrement or vomit, and the scope of pollution is relatively limited. If the disinfection can be carried out in a timely and normal manner, the transmission route is cut off, and the effect of interrupting the transmission is better. Respiratory infectious diseases, pathogens are discharged with breathing, coughing, sneezing, and then spread by droplets and dust. The scope of pollution is not accurate. It is difficult to carry out disinfection. Space separation must be taken at the same time to interrupt the infection. Insect-borne diseases take methods such as killing insects and killing rats.

What are the transmission routes of infectious diseases? What is the way of communication?

Transmission of infectious disease

What are the transmission routes of infectious diseases? What is the way of communication?

The pathogen is discharged from the infected person, and after a certain transmission route, the susceptible person is introduced to form a new process of infection. Infectious diseases can occur and spread in a certain population, and must have three basic links: the source of infection, the route of transmission and the susceptible population.

Sources of infection In humans, there are pathogens that grow and reproduce, and humans and animals that can be discharged from pathogens, that is, people and animals that are infected with infectious diseases or carry pathogens. Patients with infectious diseases are an important source of infection and have a large number of pathogens in their bodies. At various stages of the disease, the patient's source of infection has a different effect, which is mainly related to the number of diseases, the number of pathogens discharged, and the extent and frequency of contact between the patient and the surrounding population. For example, most patients with infectious diseases can discharge a large number of pathogens when they have clinical symptoms, which threaten the surrounding population and is an important source of infection. However, some patients, such as whooping cough, have more pathogens in the catarrhal period and are highly contagious. However, the number of pathogens discharged during the cough period is significantly reduced, and the infectivity is gradually reduced. Another example is that hepatitis B patients are contagious at the end of the incubation period.

What are the characteristics of infectious diseases?

Pathogen
Each infectious disease is caused by its specific pathogen, which can be a microbe or a parasite. Including viruses, bacteria, fungi or parasites.

What are the characteristics of infectious diseases?

Contagious
Infectiousness is the main difference between infectious diseases and other types of diseases. Infectious diseases mean that pathogens can be transmitted to others through various channels. The infectious period of infectious disease patients is called the infectious period. Pathogens are excreted from the host, and reach a certain infectious body through certain means, showing a certain contagiousness, and the intensity of infection is related to the type, quantity, virulence, immune status of the susceptible population.

Epidemiological characteristics

1. Epidemiology is divided into strong pathogens and breadths of infectious disease epidemics. Dissemination: refers to the occurrence of infectious diseases in the crowd; epidemic: refers to a region or a unit, the incidence of a certain infectious disease in a certain period of time, exceeding the incidence level of the same period of the previous year; pandemic: refers to An infectious disease spreads and spreads rapidly in a short period of time, exceeding the general epidemic intensity. Outbreaks: refers to a local area or unit that suddenly has many patients with the same disease in a short period of time.

2. Endemic refers to certain infectious diseases or parasitic diseases, in which the host is affected by geographical conditions and changes in temperature conditions, and is often limited to a certain geographical range. Such as insect-borne diseases, natural epidemic diseases.