Rabies is an acute infectious disease caused by rabies virus invading the central nervous system. Humans, domestic animals and wild animals can be infected. The clinical manifestations are characterized by fear of water, also known as water-induced disease. Once rabies develops, it progresses rapidly, with the majority of the disease occurring in 3-5 days, rarely exceeding 10 days, and almost 100% of deaths.
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| What is rabies? What if you get rabies? |
How serious is the harm of rabies?
Foreign expert Fleming once said: "There is no disease in the world, and its pain and mortality can be compared with rabies." Although human rabies is sporadic, it is indeed an important public health problem because millions of people around the world are bitten by crazy animals, and patients with rabies will experience a cruel and deadly process. The number of rabies deaths reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) each year is 55,000, and the vast majority of deaths are children and adolescents. Almost all rabies patients diagnosed to date have died without exception.
What is the incubation period for rabies? Why do some people have a slow onset of illness?
A person starts from an infection with a certain pathogen and shows symptoms of the disease caused by the pathogen. This period of time is called the incubation period of the disease. The incubation period of human rabies varies. The incubation period of rabies is generally within three months. The incubation period of most cases is concentrated in 20-60 days. The incubation period of individual cases is only 9 days. The incubation period of reported cases is more than 10 years. But it is rare.
The length of the incubation period is related to many factors, but it is most closely related to the location of the bite, the number and depth of the wound. Through animal and a large number of clinical observations, it is found that the head and face of the bite are shorter than the distal part of the limbs, and the incubation period of the child is shorter than that of the adult. In addition, the amount of virus infection is also an important factor affecting the length of the incubation period.
If a family member or friend is bitten by a mad dog, how do you distinguish between minor injuries and serious injuries?
According to the 2016 edition of the rabies prevention and control technical guide, rabies exposure is divided into three levels according to the nature and severity of exposure:
Class I exposure is normal contact and does not require treatment, such as contact, feeding animals, intact skin being licked, and handling animal droppings.
Level II exposure requires rabies vaccination in accordance with procedures.
There are mainly the following classifications: the skin that is exposed to the outside is bitten; if there is no slight scratch or bruise of bleeding, first observe the exposed skin with naked eyes. When the naked eye is difficult to judge, wipe the exposed area with alcohol. Pain, it indicates that the skin is damaged.
Level III exposure requires injection of immunoglobulin and vaccination with rabies.
There are single or multiple bites or scratches that penetrate the skin. "Cross-through" means that at least the dermis and blood vessels have been injured. The clinical manifestations are bleeding or subcutaneous tissue visible to the naked eye. If the damaged skin is licked, the skin should be cleft and scratched. Minor skin damage caused by various reasons; mucous membranes are contaminated by animal saliva (such as bedding).
Which animals can infect and spread rabies?
There are many types of animals that are harmful to rabies. Various livestock, poultry, and small mammals are susceptible to rabies, and various wild animals are also infected, and there are naturally occurring cases. In short, almost all warm-blooded animals, including poultry, can be infected with rabies. The source of rabies infection varies from region to region. For example, more than 85% of countries in Africa and countries in Asia (except Israel and Bangladesh) are mainly rabies, while in South Africa, North America and Europe, they are mainly wild animal rabies. The rabies in most people in China is caused by dog injuries, and there are reports of injuries to domestic animals such as cats and cattle and other animals.
Why is the dog, the closest partner to humans, the main source of infection for rabies?
Because dogs all over the world have the habit of keeping dogs, and in animals, dogs are most in contact with people. At the same time, dogs are highly mobile and prone to aggressive behavior (biting), so dogs become the main rabies epidemic. Link. According to statistics, the proportion of people suffering from rabies by various animal bites is: 80. 07% by dog bites, 9.25% by cat bites, 0.64% by wolf bites, bitten by foxes The injury accounted for 0.03%, and the bite of the farm animal accounted for 0.64%. Among them, dogs account for the highest proportion, so dogs are the main source of infection.
Can human contact spread rabies?
General contact with people does not infect rabies. In theory, only a sick rabid patient bites a healthy person and transmits the virus to the other party, and there is a possibility of spreading rabies; direct contact with rabies patients or excretions a few days before the onset of the disease, such as saliva, urine, etc. Danger; indirect contact with rabies patients is less likely to be infected; rabies patients' organs, tissues (such as cornea, kidney) transplant to healthy people have a high risk of transmission of rabies.
Can rabies virus spread through the placenta or milk? Can young couples have children during vaccination against rabies?
It has been confirmed that the rabies virus is not transmitted to the fetus through the placenta, because the rabies virus is a neurotropic virus. After invading the human body, it mainly exists in the brain, spinal cord, salivary glands and the corners of the eyes, and is generally not transmitted to the fetus through the placenta.
No component of the rabies vaccine affects the chromosomes of human germ cells, nor does it harm humans at the genetic level, so it does not affect the mental development and physical development of the embryo or fetus. Young couples don't have to think about it during vaccination against rabies, and they can have children at any time.
Why do a few people have died of rabies vaccine?
After vaccination, pay attention to rest, avoid overwork or participate in strenuous exercise; avoid irritating foods or beverages such as alcohol and strong tea; hormones, cyclophosphamide and other immunological preparations and chloroquine may reduce the vaccine effect. Avoid using it at the same time. A small number of people who have been vaccinated after being bitten have also died of illness because the vaccine cannot be guaranteed to be 100% effective.
In addition, it is related to the following factors: First, the wound is not treated in a timely, effective and correct manner. Second, severe bites are not used as required or used too late. Third, improper vaccination methods. Fourth, there is a problem with the quality of the vaccine. Fifth, after drinking, drink plenty of alcohol, drink strong tea or eat irritating food, use certain drugs and engage in strenuous exercise, excessive fatigue; some people have slow immune response, have immunodeficiency, use immunosuppressive agents, have malignant tumors, liver Hardening, emotional instability, etc. Sixth, the vaccine strain is not completely consistent with the epidemic strain.
If you are bitten by a dog (rabies), can you immediately check if you have been infected with rabies virus?
No. The rabies virus only multiplies in the nerve cells after being introduced into the central nervous system, and then spreads to the peripheral nerves and other tissues, and finally is further excreted in these tissues and then discharged to the outside. At present, the sensitivity of our general detection method can only be detected after the virus has been multiplied in the first stage of the central nervous system and the second time in the reinfected tissue, and the central nervous system has been damaged, functional activity. Has been disturbed.
If I am bitten by a mad animal, how can I deal with the wound?
After being bitten by a mad animal, the wound should be washed immediately with soap and water (3 hours after the injury). It is best to wash with 10% soapy water or 1/1000-1/500 benzalkonium solution for 10-20 minutes, then rinse with plenty of water for 10 minutes, then apply concentrated iodine. Seriously injured should wash the wound and inject it into the wound and its surrounding area to inject anti-rabies serum: firstly, the serum will be dripped into the wound (the iodine is not applied at this time, because the iodine can make the serum denaturing effect), and around the wound and the bottom A circular point-like closed injection is made with the tip of the needle facing the bottom of the wound, and the serum is pushed into the needle until the bottom of the wound.
In order to avoid the spread of infection into the tissue, open wounds should be as open as possible (a few hours to three days), as long as there is no injury to the large blood vessels, no need to dress up the suture. For penetrating wounds, use cotton swabs with 20% soapy water or 1/1000-1/500 benzalkonium solution for check-up (note the replacement of cotton swabs). If necessary, use syringe needles to align the wounds. Deeper wounds should be noted. The dirt is cleaned, and anti-rabies serum is added to it, and tetanus antitoxin and antibiotics can be injected. Anti-rabies serum is also used if there are conditions of minor injury. It is important to perform local treatment early after bite. The earlier the local treatment, the better. Even if it is delayed by 1 to 2 days or even 3 to 4 days, local treatment should not be ignored. At this time, if the wound has been scarred, the scar should also be removed, repeatedly rubbed with soapy water until a little bleeding is possible, then rinsed with water and added anti-rabies serum. Topical use of it not only neutralizes the virus before it invades the nerve endings, but also activates local T cell-mediated immune responses, which is essential for the prevention of rabies.
How should anaesthetized rabies vaccination?
If you are allergic to the rabies vaccine, you can choose to switch to another vaccine. If you still have allergies, you can go to the hospital for anti-allergy treatment and complete the whole vaccine.
If you are allergic to rabies antiserum, you need to take anti-rabies serum desensitization injection, and still allergic people stop using anti-rabies serum to switch to human rabies-specific immunoglobulin.
Does repeated injection of rabies vaccine have an adverse effect on intelligence? Do you have any adverse reactions?
The tissue culture rabies vaccine prepared by the improved production process is safe to use, has a mild reaction, and does not adversely affect intelligence. However, a small number of people repeatedly injected rabies vaccine (especially those with allergies) may develop allergic reactions such as fever, chills or skin rashes and even blisters, which can be cured.
Where are the rabies vaccines for adults and infants?
The correct part of adult vaccination is the upper arm deltoid area. This is mainly due to the immune effect. The injection of rabies vaccine into different parts of the human body will produce different degrees of antibody response. The injection of deltoid antibody has the highest response titer, and the deltoid muscle is closer to the axillary lymph node, which is beneficial to the production of immunity.
Infants and young children should be injected into the anterior lateral thigh muscle, where the muscles are thicker and easier to inject than the upper arm deltoid.
Is there a cure for rabies? Since rabies is not cured, why should we advocate treating patients?
There is no effective medical treatment for rabies, but it can be treated with symptomatic medications, so that patients are not overly arrogant and painful and miserable. Such as sedative stability, phenobarbital and so on.
For humanitarian reasons, patients should still be treated. As far as the wishes of relatives are concerned, whenever there is always a miracle of cure for rabies, doctors are required to do everything possible to alleviate the suffering of the patients and save them.
On the other hand, in some places, other diseases that can be treated are misdiagnosed as rabies, causing the family members to think that rabies is not cured and give up treatment, and lose their lives. Therefore, trying to treat patients may save the patients who are misdiagnosed.
What is the social significance of treating rabies?
Sending rabies patients to hospitals can reduce the possible threats to family members and environmental pollution. Therefore, even people diagnosed with rabies should be sent to the hospital for further examination and treatment in time to alleviate the pain before death. .
There are many neighbors around my house who are raising dogs. How can I identify rabies and suspicious rabies?
Most of human rabies is caused by rabid bite (grab) injuries. The main manifestations of rabies in the early days are obvious changes in temperament, such as anxiety or fear, and nervousness. Some dogs show that they are very friendly to the owner, and they are swaying, but they will bite when they are slightly stimulated, and they will actively attack the stranger; some will be alone, not stay with other animals, and have no feelings for the owner; The appearance of strange food, such as eating soil, biting grass, biting wood and so on.
When the rabies animal passed the early stage of the disease, it entered the excitement period. It was manifested as restlessness, running around, biting impermanence. At this time, it was impossible to identify the stranger and the acquaintance, but showed the rabies state of the attacking person. Many people were at this time. Bitten. Then the sick dog pulled the tail, or the tail was sandwiched between the legs, opened his mouth, drooling with his mouth, swallowing difficulties, walking up the road to shake, and the whole body was erected. In the advanced stage, the diseased animal quickly developed difficulty breathing and died of systemic failure.
It is worth noting that a small number of rabies animals appear to be "quiet", that is, there is no obvious excitement; there are also a few animals that do not develop the disease, the so-called "carrying virus status", that is, with rabies virus, which can be transmitted to humans or other animals, but itself It is not ill, it is generally not noticed and therefore more dangerous.
How long does it take for my dog or cat to get a rabies vaccine?
Kittens and small dogs within three months do not need rabies vaccination. When they are three months old, they can be immunized according to the prescribed injection procedure.
Immunization of animals is determined by the quality of the vaccine used. Usually one dose is required for the initial immunization, and the specific dosage is determined according to the concentration unit of the vaccine. If the imported veterinary vaccine is used, the immunity can be maintained for more than 3 years, so it can be vaccinated once every three years; the immunity of the dog vaccine produced in China can only last for half a year, and it is best to vaccinate once every six months.
Is it necessary to inject a rabies vaccine into a dog bite that has been routinely vaccinated?
Even if the animal is injected with the rabies vaccine on time every year, the person who is bitten by it still needs to be vaccinated against rabies. Because the animal is vaccinated against rabies, the protection rate is not 100%. There may still be cases with rabies virus. Therefore, after being bitten by a dog with rabies vaccine, it is necessary to vaccinate rabies on time.
What issues should I pay attention to after rabies vaccine injection?
During the rabies vaccination, you should not exercise vigorously, avoid spicy food, drink alcohol and strong tea and coffee, and have exciting central nervous drinks. Cortisol, immunosuppressants and antimalarials should also be avoided during this time.
Is it laborable during the vaccination? Do you need to fast "fat"?
Those who are bitten and have no dysfunction can participate in appropriate labor and exercise, but should not do strenuous activities to avoid excessive fatigue. Need to strengthen nutrition and improve disease resistance. As for the instructions, it is proposed that alcohol, tea, irritating food and strenuous exercise should not be used during the vaccination to avoid the vaccination reaction. Of course, it is also considered that alcohol may accelerate the speed of rabies virus nerve movement and shorten During the incubation period, it is not advisable to drink alcohol during the rabies vaccine, and should not drink alcohol.
After pregnant women and fever patients are bitten by animals, does the injection of rabies vaccine have any effect?
The vaccine instruction manual stipulates that there is no contraindication to the use of rabies vaccine. In rabies-affected areas, any animal that is bitten (grabbed) by an animal should be given vaccination as soon as possible, and pregnant women should be more protected. Since China began to switch to tissue culture of rabies vaccine in 1981, pregnant women have injected the vaccine. Long-term observation has not shown that it does not affect the efficacy of the drug. It is safe for the fetus. Many foreign women also use tissue culture rabies vaccine and anti-rabies serum for combined immunization. See reports of adverse effects on fetal development. As for patients with fever, when using the vaccine, the cause of the fever should be identified for treatment, and the rabies vaccine should be injected as prescribed, which is safe for the patient.
What should I do if I forget the original date of vaccination during the rabies vaccination?
Follow the procedure correctly
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