What is epidemic typhus?

What is epidemic typhus?

What is epidemic typhus?

Epidemic typhus, also known as typhus typhus or "typical typhus", may occur after several months to several years after epidemic typhus, known as recurrent typhus, also known as Brill-Zinsser disease. It is an acute infectious disease transmitted by Platts rickettsia through body lice. The clinical features of epidemic typhus are persistent high fever, headache, rash-like rash (or maculopapular rash) and central nervous system symptoms. The natural course is 2 to 3 weeks. Rickettsia was discovered in 1910 by Ricketts in the blood of patients with typhus. In 1913, Prowazekii also found pathogens from patients with neutrophils; both of them were sacrificing typhus. To commemorate them, the pathogen of epidemic typhus was named as Platts.

Clinical manifestations of epidemic typhus

Epidemic typhus can be divided into two types, typical and light, and recurrent typhus.

1. Typical epidemic typhus incubation period is 5 to 21 days, with an average of 10 to 12 days. A small number of patients have prodromal symptoms of 2 to 3 days, such as fatigue, headache, dizziness, chills, and low fever. Most of the onset of illness, accompanied by chills, severe and persistent headache, muscle pain in the body, conjunctiva and facial congestion.

What is the rickettsial infection?

What is the rickettsial infection?

What is the rickettsial infection?

Rickettsiosis is a natural epidemic infection caused by a group of rickettsia. Human rickettsial diseases can be divided into 5 groups:

• Typhus group (including epidemic typhus and endemic typhus);
• Spot fever group (including spot fever, Marseille fever, Australian rash typhus, rickett body pox);
• locust fever group (including tsutsugamushi disease);
• Q heat group (including Q heat);
• Paroxysmal rickettsial disease group (including war sputum fever). Epidemic typhus, endemic typhus, mites fever and Q fever have been found.

Rickettsia is a microbe between bacteria and viruses and has the following characteristics:

What is cytomegalovirus infection? What are the manifestations, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cytomegalovirus infection?

What is cytomegalovirus infection? What are the manifestations, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cytomegalovirus infection?

What is cytomegalovirus infection? What are the manifestations, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cytomegalovirus infection?

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is very common in the human population, but most people do not have symptoms. This condition is called "invisible infection" of cytomegalovirus and generally does not require treatment. The opposite of "invisible infection" is "dominant infection", which is the obvious disease and symptoms after infection with cytomegalovirus. The most common disease caused by cytomegalovirus is "mononucleosis", which can be expressed as fever, fatigue, limb pain, sore throat, neck mass (neck lymph node enlargement). The treatment of ganciclovir is very effective.

What is the performance of cytomegalovirus infection?

• Adults. Common symptoms caused by adult cytomegalovirus infection, similar to infectious mononucleosis (caused by EB virus infection), often manifest as fever, fatigue, and some patients can touch a small mass (neck lymph nodes) in the neck. Occasionally, gastrointestinal manifestations, such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloody stools or black hair, there are some other rare types of performance.
• Children. The symptoms of cytomegalovirus infection in children are more prominent. Neonates with congenital infections are mostly asymptomatic at birth, and some will experience hearing loss gradually; about 10% will have performance at birth, such as low body weight, hepatosplenomegaly, bleeding spots on the skin and jaundice, and possibly Small head, epilepsy, feeding difficulties, eye abnormalities, deafness, etc. Children who are exposed to cytomegalovirus, such as vaginal secretions and milk, are usually asymptomatic after birth, and may have temporary infection symptoms, which have no effect on growth and development. Healthy children are also asymptomatic in getting infections in kindergartens and other environments. About 10% will show signs of mononucleosis, such as fever, fatigue, sore throat, and enlarged lymph nodes in the neck. 
• Those with impaired immune function. Those with impaired immune function are more likely to develop severe symptoms, such as hepatitis and colitis in liver transplant recipients; pneumonia is most common in lung transplant recipients and bone marrow transplant recipients.

What are the hazards of neonatal cytomegalovirus infection?
Intrauterine infection in pregnant women can lead to fetal abortion, stillbirth, and birth defects. In severe cases, there will be systemic infections, such as jaundice with hepatosplenomegaly, intrauterine growth retardation syndrome, microcephaly, thrombocytopenia, intracranial calcification, and deafness. Combined pneumonia can lead to respiratory failure, which can lead to liver failure and can all die.

Can cytomegalovirus infection cause death?
A small number of children with congenital infections have serious symptoms and even life-threatening. Even if they receive anti-viral treatment and intensive care, they may die in a short period of time. Children with congenital infections (symptomatic and asymptomatic) have an overall mortality rate of 4% to 8% within 1 year of birth. Most babies die from virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome, or various severe organ failures.

Does congenital cytomegalovirus infection affect your baby's growth and mental development?
possible. Among the surviving children, there may be various neurological sequelae such as microcephaly, mental retardation, cerebral palsy, and hearing impairment. In asymptomatic children, although the risk is lower than that of symptomatic children, neurological dysplasia may occur later.


Will cytomegalovirus infection be transmitted to children through mom?
meeting. Newborns and babies may develop intrauterine infection with cytomegalovirus during maternal viremia, cytomegalovirus when exposed to birth canal secretions, or breast milk infection after birth.

How is cytomegalovirus transmitted?
Cytomegalovirus can be detected in various body fluids, including urine, blood, semen, cervix, feces, tears, and breast milk. It can be transmitted in a variety of ways, including sexual contact transmission, blood transmission, close living (exposure to viruses from the respiratory tract and urine), and mother-to-child transmission.

Which populations are more prone to cytomegalovirus infection?
Everyone can be exposed to and infected, but most people do not have symptoms. People with low immune system function, such as patients who have undergone organ transplantation, AIDS patients, long-term hospitalization, premature infants, etc., are more likely to cause serious symptoms and even life-threatening after infection with cytomegalovirus.


What tests may be needed to suspect a cytomegalovirus infection?
Blood routine, stool routine, liver function, antibody testing, etc.

What diseases can cytomegalovirus infection be confused with?
In normal adults, cytomegalovirus infection is similar to infectious mononucleosis caused by EB virus infection and needs to be identified.


Which department does cytomegalovirus infection generally go to?
In the Department of Infectious Diseases, children can also see pediatrics.

How to treat cytomegalovirus infection? How long does it take to treat?

• Asymptomatic without treatment. 
• Patients with normal immune function are usually self-limiting even if they have symptoms. They can recover on their own within a few days to several weeks without anti-viral treatment. 
• Anti-viral drugs such as ganciclovir may be used in patients with impaired immune function, depending on the patient's response to the drug.

What kind of medicine do patients with cytomegalovirus infection need? What are the common side effects of drugs?
The main treatment is ganciclovir, which is safer.

Can cytomegalovirus infection be completely cured?
In patients with normal immune-positive cells, many can heal without treatment, and some patients who require anti-viral treatment can achieve good results after standard treatment. Only children with congenital cytomegalovirus with severe symptoms and diseases are more likely to die.


What should I do if I find a cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy?
Pregnant women find new cytomegalovirus infections early in pregnancy. Because of the high probability of intrauterine infection and serious consequences, it is recommended to stop pregnancy. If a new cytomegalovirus infection occurs in the middle and late stages of pregnancy, it is necessary to closely observe whether the fetus is deformed.

What should be paid attention to in life and diet for patients with cytomegalovirus infection?
Regardless of symptoms, the following points should be noted:

• Avoid kissing the lower lip and lip area of ​​young children and children; 
• Do not share cutlery, drinking utensils, drinks or food with smaller children or young children;
• Wash the nose, saliva and diapers, wash hands carefully, or use gloves; 
• If cytomegalovirus mononucleosis has been diagnosed, then during the contagion period (saliva, genital secretions) Or active virus in semen) should avoid intimate contact with sexual partners (especially pregnant women).

How to prevent cytomegalovirus infection?
Asymptomatic infections are very common and difficult to prevent, and the vaccine is still in trial. There is also a lack of valuable programs for maternal and child blockade, focusing on prenatal care, early detection and corresponding treatment.

What is AIDS? What are the symptoms, routes of transmission, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of AIDS?

What is AIDS? What are the symptoms, routes of transmission, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of AIDS?

What is AIDS? What are the symptoms, routes of transmission, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of AIDS?

What is AIDS?
AIDS is a transliterated disease name. Its full name is "acquired immunodeficiency syndrome". The first capital letter of each word in English name is called "AIDS". Transliteration is what we often call "AIDS".  It is a human infectious immunodeficiency virus, a chronic infectious disease caused by HIV, which we often say. HIV invades the body's immune system, causing the body's immune function to decline or even be lost, eventually leading to serious infection or tumor death.

How long does it take for AIDS to go from infection to morbidity?
The incubation period averages nine years, which can be as short as several months and as long as 15 years. The length of the incubation period is related to a variety of factors: such as the route of infection, the number of infected viruses, the genotype of the virus, and the physical fitness of the infected person. This process is the process of the human body fighting the virus. The upper hand, the symptoms of AIDS will be manifested.

What is infectious mononucleosis? What are the symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infectious mononucleosis?

What is infectious mononucleosis? What are the symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infectious mononucleosis?

What is infectious mononucleosis? What are the symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infectious mononucleosis?

What is infectious mononucleosis?
 Infectious mononucleosis is an acute disease caused by EB virus infection. Mainly manifested as fever, sore throat, lymph nodes and hepatosplenomegaly (to be known by doctors), peripheral blood showed atypical lymphocytes (to check blood to know). In addition, infectious mononucleosis may also affect some internal organs, such as liver, spleen, heart, brain, kidney, lung, pancreas, etc., causing complications of related organs, such as meningitis, myocarditis, anemia. Is infectious mononucleosis common? More common, and there is a trend of increasing year by year. How to treat infectious mononucleosis? Is it a very serious disease? Although there is no specific drug that can eliminate EB virus, the body's own immune system can eliminate the virus, so patients with infectious mononucleosis can recover. However, in a few cases, if complications occur in infectious mononucleosis, it may threaten the vital organs of the body and even lead to death. In general, most people can recover as long as they are discovered early and actively treated.


What are the symptoms of the infectious mononucleosis incubation period?
The incubation period is the time from infection to the onset of symptoms.

What is dengue fever? What are the symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment and prevention methods of dengue fever?

What is dengue fever? What are the symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment and prevention methods of dengue fever?

What is dengue fever? What are the symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment and prevention methods of dengue fever?

What is dengue fever?
Acute infectious diseases caused by dengue virus. · High fever, rash, bone and joint pain are typical symptoms. Reducing mosquito bites can effectively prevent the disease.

What are the symptoms of dengue fever?
Typical dengue fever is divided into three phases: acute fever, extreme phase and recovery phase. The main symptoms of each phase are:

Acute fever: acute onset, can be accompanied by chills, body temperature can reach 40 °C within 24 hours, may be associated with headache, muscle and joint pain, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea and other gastrointestinal symptoms. On the 3rd to 6th day after the onset, congestive rash or spotted hemorrhagic rash appeared on the face and limbs, and there were also different degrees of bleeding, such as subcutaneous hemorrhage, ecchymosis at the injection site, bleeding gums, and bleeding.

What is hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome? What are the clinical manifestations, complications, routes of transmission, examination and treatment of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome?

What is hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome? What are the clinical manifestations, complications, routes of transmission, examination and treatment of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome?

What is hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome? What are the clinical manifestations, complications, routes of transmission, examination and treatment of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome?

What is hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome?
Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, also known as epidemic hemorrhagic fever, is a natural epidemic disease caused by the epidemic hemorrhagic fever virus (also known as Hantavirus), which uses murine as the main source of infection. Mainly manifested as fever, hemorrhage, congestion, hypotension shock and kidney damage.

Why is the epidemic hemorrhagic fever renamed hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome?
Epidemic hemorrhagic fever in different countries and regions, due to its different pathogens, epidemiology and clinical characteristics, there have been many names, such as "epidemic hemorrhagic fever" in China and Japan; North Korea called "North Korean hemorrhagic fever" The Soviet Union called it "hemorrhagic nephritis and kidney disease". In fact, all epidemic hemorrhagic fever has varying degrees of kidney damage, so in 1982 the World Health Organization (WHO) unified it as "renal syndrome hemorrhagic fever (HFRS)."

What is the incubation period? How long is the incubation period for hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome?
The incubation period is the period from when the pathogen invades the human body to when clinical symptoms begin to appear. The incubation period for hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome is usually 2 to 3 weeks.

What is mumps? What are the manifestations, complications, causes, tests, and treatments for mumps?

What is mumps? What are the manifestations, complications, causes, tests, and treatments for mumps?

What is mumps? What are the manifestations, complications, causes, tests, and treatments for mumps?

What is mumps?
Mumps is inflammation of the parotid gland. After mumps is obtained, the most typical manifestation is that the gangster is repeatedly swollen. The mouth of the parotid gland (in the mouth, which is commonly known as the "big tooth") has redness or secretion, sometimes accompanied by Have systemic symptoms such as fever and weakness. The parotid gland is located in front of the ear, which is commonly known as the gangster. The main function of the parotid gland secretes saliva. There is a catheter in the middle of the parotid gland called the parotid duct, which is open on the inner surface of the scorpion, which is the buccal mucosa in the mouth. The main function is to introduce saliva secreted by the parotid gland into the oral cavity.

What is the cause of mumps?
Hemorrhea, also known as mumps, occurs mainly in children and is contagious and spreads through droplets, so patients need to be isolated. The main symptoms are swelling of the gangsters on both sides, pain, and sometimes accompanied by systemic problems such as fever.

What is varicella-zoster virus? The transmission route, complications and prevention principles of varicella-zoster virus？

What is varicella-zoster virus? The transmission route, complications and prevention principles of varicella-zoster virus

What is varicella-zoster virus? The transmission route, complications and prevention principles of varicella-zoster virus？

Varicella-zoster virus

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) refers to chickenpox caused by the initial infection in children. After recovery, the virus lurks in the body. A few patients re-emerge in the adult and cause herpes zoster, so it is called chickenpox. Herpes zoster virus.

Chickenpox is a highly contagious disease in children. It occurs in 2 to 6 years old. The source of infection is mainly patients. The acute phase of varicella content and respiratory secretions contain viruses.

Varicella-Zoster virus English name varicella-zoster virus Multiple groups Infants and young children Common symptoms Herpes zoster Transmission route Air, skin, etc.

Biological trait
VZV is identical in morphology to HSV. There is only one serotype. The genome has 71 genes encoding 67 different proteins, including 6 glycoproteins (gpI ~ gpVI), which are now collectively named gE, gB, gH, gI, gC and gL. Among the infected cells, glycoproteins gE, gB and gH are extremely abundant, and these glycoproteins are also present in the membrane of virions.

VZV commonly used human fibroblasts and a variety of cells of monkeys, typical cytopathic changes occur within 3 to 2 weeks, such as inclusions in the nucleus and formation of multinucleated giant cells. The virus spreads between cells and cells, and then infects neighboring cells.

Pathogenicity
VZV has no animal storage host, and humans are the only natural host. The skin is the main target organ of the virus.
There are two types of VZV-infected humans, namely, the original infection of varicella (varicella) and recurrent infection of zoster.

Chicken pox
The virus enters the body through the respiratory mucosa or conjunctiva. After two viremias, the virus replicates and spreads throughout the body, especially the skin and mucous membranes. After about 2 weeks of incubation period, due to swelling of epithelial cells, balloon-like changes, accumulation of tissue fluid, papules and blisters appear on the whole body skin, and some develop pustules due to infection. The rash is distributed centripetally, with more trunks than the face and limbs.

Rare encephalitis and pneumonia complications in healthy children. Adult varicella symptoms are more serious, often complicated by pneumonia, and the mortality rate is higher. Immune-deficient children and non-immune newborns are infected with chickenpox, which is dangerous and may be a fatal infection. Such as pregnant women suffering from chickenpox in addition to serious illness, and can cause fetal malformations, miscarriage or death.

Herpes zoster
Herpes zoster is a common disease in adults, the elderly, or immunocompromised and immunosuppressed patients, caused by the activation of latent viruses.

In patients who have had chickenpox, a small amount of virus lurks in the sensory ganglia of the posterior root ganglia or cranial nerves of the spinal cord. Trauma, fever and other factors can activate the virus that is lurking in the ganglion. The activated virus passes down the sensory nerve fiber axon to the inner skin area, which causes herpes zoster after proliferation. At the beginning, the local skin has abnormal feeling, itching and pain, and then rash and herpes appear in a series. The torso and the facial area are more common, and the unilateral distribution is about 3 weeks, and the few can reach several months. Long.

Complications include encephalomyelitis and conjunctivitis.
The clinical manifestations of a few cases are not typical, and there are common ones:

• Incomplete herpes zoster (stunned type), only erythema, papules, and no typical blisters.
• Bullous herpes zoster, can form blister to large peas.
• Hemorrhagic herpes zoster, blister content is bloody.
• Gangrenous herpes zoster, rash in the center of the rash, formed into a black suede is not easy to peel, leaving scars after the recovery.
• Disseminated herpes zoster, in patients with malignant tumor-tumor or frail elderly, within a few days of local rash, the body appears similar to acne itch rash, often accompanied by high fever, can be complicated by lung, brain damage, disease Sexually serious, can cause death.

In addition to the above-mentioned atypical herpes zoster, certain special sites or special types of herpes zoster can be seen clinically, as follows:

• Eye herpes zoster: eye herpes zoster is mostly scattered, more common in September-November. Clinical findings of herpes zoster with the first branch of the ipsilateral trigeminal nerve, visible eyelid swelling, conjunctival hyperemia, blisters and ecdysis, may involve ulceration of the keratitis of the cornea, and later blindness due to scar formation. In severe cases, full ocular inflammation, encephalitis, and even death can occur.
• Ear herpes zoster: also known as Ramsay-Hunt syndrome, is due to VZV invasion of the facial nerve and auditory nerve, the clinical features of the ear acute pain and the same side of the sputum, accompanied by hearing, dizziness and so on. May be associated with fever, local lymph node swelling and mumps.
• Herpes zoster meningitis: the virus directly from the spinal nerve anterior and posterior retrograde invasion of the central nervous system. Mostly seen in patients with cranial nerve, neck or upper thoracic spinal cord segment. Table shows headache, vomiting, convulsions or other progressive sensory disturbances, and there may be ataxia and other cerebellar symptoms.
• Visceral herpes zoster: the virus from the spinal cord heel invades the sympathetic and parasympathetic splanchnic nerve fibers, causing gastrointestinal or urinary tract symptoms, when invading the pleura, peritoneum, then irritating symptoms or even effusion.

Immunity
The antibodies induced by the three major glycoproteins of VZV can neutralize the virus. The glycoprotein gB is the same as the 49% amino acid of gB of HSV, but the immune relationship is unclear. Specific humoral and cellular immunity, as well as cytokines such as interferon, play a major role in limiting VZV proliferation and varicella and herpes zoster recovery. Among them, specific cellular immunity is more important, but does not prevent herpes zoster. Lifetime immunization after varicella disease.

Microbiological examination
Clinically typical varicella or herpes zoster, generally does not require laboratory diagnosis. However, for patients with no immune response and atypical symptoms, herpes liquid can be used for rapid electron microscopy or cell culture to isolate the virus; or immunofluorescence test can be used to detect herpes virus base antigen on the base of the herpes base and biopsy tissue; or PCR was used to amplify VZV DNA from cerebrospinal fluid. These methods all help to confirm the diagnosis.

Principle of prevention

Passive immunity
Injecting varicella-zoster immunoglobulin (VZIG) or high-valent VZV antibody preparations can prevent the development of infections and diseases of neonates, unimmunized pregnant contacts or immunocompromised contacts to a certain extent. Prevent outbreaks in hospitals, schools, etc. But there is no therapeutic value.

Vaccine
The live attenuated varicella vaccine has been used in Japan, Germany, the United States and other countries for many years. Immunization of children and adults who have not had chickenpox for more than 1 year old can produce specific antibodies in the body for 10 years, and the protection rate is 68%~100%. In some areas of China, children over the age of 1 are also being tested for varicella vaccine. Immunosuppressed children and adults with diffuse herpes zoster can be treated with nucleoside analogues such as acyclovir (ACV), vidarabine and IFN. Acyclovir can prevent the development of the disease.

Symptom characteristics
The incubation period is 12-21 days, with an average of 14 days. It can cause chickenpox in the first infection of children. After recovery, the virus lurks in the body, and the virus in the latent body is stimulated (such as: tired, hot, cold, X-ray, etc.) Recurrence causes herpes zoster, which is more common in adults and the elderly, so it is called varicella-zoster virus.
VZV is a herpesvirus genus whose biological trait is similar to herpes simplex virus (HSV) but has only one serotype. VZV commonly used human fibroblasts and various cells of monkeys, typical cytopathic changes occur around 3-14 days, such as the formation of multinucleated giant cells (CPE) and the production of eosinophilic inclusion bodies in the nucleus of infected cells.

Way for spreading

The route of transmission of varicella-zoster virus is as follows:
Humans are the only natural host of varicella-zoster virus, and skin epithelial cells are the main target cells. The virus enters the body through the respiratory tract or contact infection. After two viremias, the virus replicates and spreads throughout the body, especially the skin and mucous membranes. After about 2 to 3 weeks of incubation period, papules, vesicular rash and pustular rash appear widely in the whole body. The distribution of rash is centripetal, with more trunks and can develop into herpes.

The blister rash contains a large amount of virus, and the scars disappear after the disappearance of the chickenpox. The condition is generally mild, but occasionally complicated by interstitial pneumonia and post-infectious encephalitis. Children with cellular immunodeficiency, leukemia, kidney disease or long-term use of corticosteroids and antimetabolites have severe symptoms and even life-threatening varicella. Adults with varicella, 20% - 30% with pneumonia, the general condition is serious, the mortality rate is also high. Pregnant women suffering from chickenpox are also more serious, and can cause fetal malformations, miscarriage or stillbirth.

Misunderstanding
Herpes zoster is a common skin disease caused by varicella-zoster virus. The disease mainly invades the skin and nerves, and the skin herpes is present, clustering unilaterally, often accompanied by obvious tingling. Folks are often referred to as "snake sore, entangled fire Dan". The disease has no special effects before liberation, treatment is very difficult, the effect is not good, and there are many opportunities for legacy sequelae. Therefore, there are many methods and misunderstandings that seem to be out of place. Here are some of these misunderstandings.

Herpes zoster is a skin disease caused by a virus. In the past, the economic conditions were poor, the medical consciousness was weak, and the understanding of the disease was not sufficient. After the illness, the timely treatment was not obtained, and there was no special antiviral drug. The result was not good, and there were more chances of leaving the sequelae. Thereby promoting the birth of various soil methods. The specific method is: when the sky is bright, facing the east, remembering the words, and then taking the knife to make the pre-prepared straw rope into several segments, and then taking the ink to circle the affected area once a day for four or five days. The only merit of this method is to use the ink to coat the affected area. In the traditional Chinese medicine, Jingmo has the effect of clearing away heat and detoxification and can be used for the treatment of this disease. However, the current ink does not have this effect, and has not been disinfected, and it is easy to be secondary to infection after external use. With the advancement of society and the development of science and technology, in recent years, many antiviral drugs with good curative effect and small side effects have been developed, such as acyclovir, famciclovir, valacyclovir and the like. They are very effective and have few side effects. As long as the patient can see a doctor in time, regular medication, most of them can be cured quickly. Of course, some elderly patients with frailty and low immune function, if not found in time, timely medication, may still leave more obvious post-herpetic neuralgia, give The patient has significant pain.

Herpes zoster is caused by the varicella-zoster virus. After the virus infects the human body, varicella or invisible infection occurs, and then lurks in the neurons of the posterior root ganglia of the spinal cord. Under the stimulation of various predisposing factors (trauma, infection, overwork, etc.), it can recur, nerve damage occurs in the injured nerve, and the herpes is caused by the skin. Contagious.
Most of the herpes zoster is cumulatively unilateral, banded, with neuropathic pain and skin damage that does not affect life. Only a small number of patients with low immunity, old and frail or tumors will develop. These patients may have systemic damage such as lung and brain, which will endanger life.

The treatment of herpes zoster is mainly based on internal medicine, antiviral drugs are first-line drugs, varicella and herpes zoster are contraindicated with glucocorticoids, because glucocorticoids may cause the spread of the virus and aggravate the condition, and can be combined with topical drugs, such as Stone lotion, acyclovir cream, penciclovir cream, etc. can be used. The royal yellow, Ji Desheng snake tablets, Liushen pills, etc. of Chinese medicine are also available. However, it is necessary to prevent the occurrence of infection. Patients with post-neural pain can cooperate with traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture, phototherapy and other methods.

What is rubella? What are the manifestations, complications, causes, tests, and treatments for rubella?

What is rubella? What are the manifestations, complications, causes, tests, and treatments for rubella?

What is rubella?
Rubella is a disease caused by rubella virus infection, which causes rash on the face and body. Rubella has been common in the past, often affecting a wide range of people in the winter and spring, but since the rubella vaccine, rubella is significantly less. School-age children are the most vulnerable to rubella virus infection, but adults are more likely to develop symptoms than children. The most serious harm to the rubella virus is the unborn fetus. If the pregnant woman is infected with the rubella virus, stillbirth, premature birth, or serious congenital malformation may occur.

What is the performance of rubella?
The incubation period of the rubella virus is usually 14 to 18 days, which means that after being infected with the rubella virus, symptoms may appear after two weeks.

• Performance of children: Children's symptoms are generally not serious, mainly due to the appearance of pink rash on the skin, low fever, and swollen lymph nodes. Low fever can occur at the same time as the rash, or it can occur 1 to 5 days before the rash. The rash can last from 1 to 8 days. In addition, it may be accompanied by conjunctivitis, soft palate mucosa (Forchheimer's plaque), acute thyroiditis.
• Performance of adolescents and adults: The symptoms of adolescents and adults are heavier than children and last longer. Adult rashes are similar to children, and there are also fevers and swollen lymph nodes. The difference is that adults also have joint pain, body aches, fatigue, poor appetite. Joint pain can last for 1 month. In addition, it can be accompanied by conjunctivitis, testicular pain and orchitis. 
• Performance of neonatal patients: After the pregnant mother is infected with rubella, the virus can be transmitted to the baby through the placenta. After birth, the baby will develop congenital rubella syndrome, which is manifested as: deafness, cataract, heart disease, mental retardation. Growth retardation, mental disorders, diabetes, etc.

What is measles? What if I get measles?

What is measles?

What is measles? What if I get measles?

Measles is an acute respiratory infection caused by measles virus, often in the winter and spring. Measles is highly contagious, and in areas where there is no universal immunization against measles, there are often multiple cases in kindergartens, schools, and work units in a short period of time. The symptoms of measles in the early stage are similar to those of the common cold. There are mainly fever, cough, and snot. After a few days of fever, there is a rash on the body. It starts from the head. It is also characterized by a mucous membrane with a molar in the mouth. White will appear. smaller. Measles usually gradually improves after 7 to 14 days, and will not leave serious sequelae. However, if encephalitis or pneumonia occurs, close treatment is needed, especially in infants and young children, which requires close observation by parents.

Is measles only transmitted between people?
Yes, measles spread only between people and people. People who have not had measles and have not been vaccinated against measles are most susceptible to measles.

What is severe acute respiratory syndrome?

Severe acute respiratory syndrome

What is severe acute respiratory syndrome?

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is an acute respiratory infection caused by SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV), which the World Health Organization (WHO) named as severe acute respiratory syndrome. The disease is a respiratory infectious disease, the main mode of transmission is the spread of close-range droplets or contact with respiratory secretions of patients.


Cause
On April 16, 2003, the World Health Organization announced the cause of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) based on the results of a collaborative study conducted by 13 laboratories in 11 countries and regions including the Mainland of China and Hong Kong, Canada and the United States. A new type of coronavirus called SARS coronavirus.

Clinical manifestation
The incubation period is 1 to 16 days, usually 3 to 5 days. Acute onset, highly contagious, with fever as the first symptom, may have chills, body temperature often exceeds 38 ° C, irregular heat or relaxation heat, missed heat, etc., heat stroke is mostly 1 to 2 weeks; accompanied by headache , muscle aches, general malaise and diarrhea. After 3 to 7 days of onset, dry cough, less sputum, occasional bloodshot sputum, lung signs are not obvious. The disease reached a peak in 10 to 14 days. Symptoms of infection, such as fever and fatigue, aggravated, and frequent coughing, shortness of breath and difficulty in breathing. Slightly active, asthma, palpitations, and forced bed rest. This period is prone to secondary infection of the respiratory tract.

What is rabies? What if you get rabies?

What is rabies?
Rabies is an acute infectious disease caused by rabies virus invading the central nervous system. Humans, domestic animals and wild animals can be infected. The clinical manifestations are characterized by fear of water, also known as water-induced disease. Once rabies develops, it progresses rapidly, with the majority of the disease occurring in 3-5 days, rarely exceeding 10 days, and almost 100% of deaths.

What is rabies? What if you get rabies?

Human rabies is mainly caused by the rabies virus in the animal's saliva invading the human body through the wound of the bite when the animal bites. The wounded animal is more common in dogs, and the folks in China are also called "mad dog disease".

How serious is the harm of rabies?
Foreign expert Fleming once said: "There is no disease in the world, and its pain and mortality can be compared with rabies." Although human rabies is sporadic, it is indeed an important public health problem because millions of people around the world are bitten by crazy animals, and patients with rabies will experience a cruel and deadly process. The number of rabies deaths reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) each year is 55,000, and the vast majority of deaths are children and adolescents. Almost all rabies patients diagnosed to date have died without exception.

What is polio?

What is polio?
Polio refers to a disease caused by poliovirus infection of the human body that invades the spinal cord. Symptoms include diarrhea, fever, and weakness. Irreversible muscle atrophy occurs during the sequelae.

What is polio?

Polioviruses are transmitted through the fecal-hand-mouth contamination pathway. It may also spread through the pharynx during the epidemic. The virus enters through the oral route, during which the virus infects the mouth, nose and throat cells. 90% to 95% of poliovirus infections are asymptomatic, with a 7 to 14 day incubation period during which the virus replicates primaryly in the lymphoid tissues of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. As the virus spreads throughout the body's reticuloendothelial tissue, asymptomatic first (slight) transient viremia occurs.

Can polio be cured?
There is no specific drug for polio, and it can only relieve symptoms by symptomatic treatment. Mild polio may have no sequelae. But if the sequelae occur, it is irreversible.

Epidemic encephalitis What is the disease?

Epidemic encephalitis, referred to as Japanese encephalitis, also known as Japanese encephalitis, is an acute infectious disease of the central nervous system caused by mosquitoes caused by Japanese encephalitis virus.

Epidemic encephalitis What is the disease?

Most people are infected with the virus, and there are no obvious symptoms, or only fever. Less than 1% of people have an obvious inflammatory disease of the brain parenchyma after infection. When neurological symptoms (such as limb numbness, paralysis, etc.) occur, it usually means that the condition is very serious, and the mortality rate is high. Patients who can survive often leave sequelae.

The disease can be prevented by vaccination with Japanese encephalitis vaccine and anti-mosquito measures.

What is the performance of epidemic encephalitis?
The incubation period is 4 to 21 days, usually 10 to 14 days, and there may be no symptoms during the incubation period. Patients with typical symptoms may experience four periods after the incubation period: initial, extreme, recovery, and sequelae.
(1) Initial stage: There may be headache, mental fatigue, poor appetite, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, etc., which may be mistaken for upper respiratory tract infection.
(2) Extreme period: symptoms of damage to the brain parenchyma, such as high fever, disturbance of consciousness, convulsions, difficulty breathing, paralysis, etc.
(3) Recovery period: The body temperature gradually decreases, and the symptoms of brain parenchymal damage are getting better and better.
(4) Sequelae: Some patients may have sequelae, such as aphasia (can not speak properly), limb paralysis, mental disorders and dementia, these sequelae may last for life.

Guide for clinical diagnosis and treatment of acute infectious diarrhea in adults

Acute infectious diarrhea is a common global health problem. Recently, the American College of Gastroenterology has updated a clinical guideline for acute infectious diarrhea in adults. The guide includes a total of 18 points, mainly describing the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of acute infectious diarrhea in adults with immune function, although not It involves refractory Clostridium-associated infections, but after each point contains recommended strength, level of evidence, and literature review for nearly 10 years.

Guide for clinical diagnosis and treatment of acute infectious diarrhea in adults

Epidemiology and public health

1. When patients have a high risk of disease transmission during a defined or suspected epidemic, if conditions permit, a diagnostic assessment should be performed using culture-independent methods. (strong recommendation, low evidence)

What is viral hepatitis?

What is "viral hepatitis"?
Not all liver inflammation caused by viruses is called "viral hepatitis". For example, SARS coronavirus and EB virus can cause liver inflammation, but this type of hepatitis is not called "viral hepatitis."

What is viral hepatitis?

Viral hepatitis refers to liver inflammation caused by "hepatitis virus" and is a group of infectious diseases. The performance is mainly liver damage, and there may be multiple organ dysfunction in the kidney, lung, brain and so on.

What types of viral hepatitis are there?
There are five types of viral hepatitis: hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D, and hepatitis E, which are caused by different hepatitis viruses.

Is viral hepatitis common?
common. China is a big country with viral hepatitis. In order to raise awareness and understanding of viral hepatitis, the World Health Organization (WHO) selected July 28th of each year as World Hepatitis Day.

Diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases

The diagnosis is mainly based on medical records, pathological examinations, and photographic images (such as X-rays), but the most important diagnostic tool for infectious diseases is microbial culture. Appropriate substances are provided in the culture medium and placed in the patient sample culture, which is commonly used to diagnose bacterial infections of staphylococci or streptococci. Some vectors cannot be cultured manually, especially most viruses and leptospirosis. In the past, the use of serological markers for the examination of patients has been developed, including the use of antibodies as one of the examination methods. The updated technology can directly use the virus or pathogen-related proteins contained in blood or secretions as a polymerase chain reaction, which not only tests quickly but also greatly improves the accuracy.

Diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases

1. Identification of pathogens

In the past, according to the verification procedure of Koch's Law, it was possible to roughly confirm whether the pathogen of the disease is contagious. This rule successfully verified that Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the pathogen of tuberculosis; however, in many cases this rule cannot be operated as scheduled.

Be alert to tuberculosis and fungal infections

Abstract: Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which can invade many organs and is most common in tuberculosis of the lungs. The bacteria are important sources of infection. The human body is not necessarily infected after infection with tuberculosis. When the resistance is reduced or the cell-mediated allergic reaction is increased, it may cause clinical disease. If diagnosed in time and treated reasonably, most of them will be cured.
Beware of tuberculosis complicated with fungal infection, tuberculosis, a newly completed case of a large sample of 671 cases of tuberculosis, found that the simple infection rate was 69.30%, combined with a variety of pulmonary fungal infection rate of 30.70%.

Be alert to tuberculosis and fungal infections

This data suggests that it is urgent to raise awareness of the mechanism of fungal infections, strengthen the monitoring of nosocomial infections, and strengthen the scientific and rational application of antibiotics to reduce the harm caused by fungal infections.

Further statistical analysis showed that tuberculosis complicated with pulmonary fungal infections, males were significantly higher than females, and those aged 19-60 years were more likely to be infected than other age groups. In 206 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis complicated with pulmonary fungal infection, the infection rate of antibiotics for one month was zero, 31.6% for 7-12 months, and 48.5% for more than one year.

What are the main treatments for infectious diseases?

For the treatment of infectious diseases, the editors of the medical/education/web editor have compiled the following main methods for the candidates of the chief physician of infectious diseases to prepare for reference.

1. General and supportive therapy: general therapy including isolation, care.

Patient isolation varies according to the route of transmission and the manner and timing of pathogen discharge. Good care is very important to ensure that the affected animals are in a comfortable and hygienic environment, the correct implementation of various diagnostic and therapeutic measures and close observation of the changes in the condition.

2. Supportive therapy: including proper nutrition.

Such as a variety of reasonable diets in different diseases, adequate supply of vitamins, enhance the patient's physical and immune functions, such as the application of various blood and immune products, as well as to maintain the necessary measures such as water and electrolyte balance. (Rehydration) These measures play an important role in mobilizing the body's defense and immune function.

3. Pathogens or special effects therapy: the treatment of pathogens has the role of clearing pathogens, to achieve the purpose of radical treatment and control of infectious sources.

Commonly used drugs are antibiotics, chemotherapeutic agents and serum immunological preparations. The drugs against bacteria are mainly antibiotics and chemical agents, and the drugs against the virus are still in the experimental stage, and the efficacy is not satisfactory. Serum immunological preparations include tetanus antitoxin, interferon and interferon inducer.

Proper use of antibiotics should not be used. Otherwise, it may cause drug resistance, toxicity and dysbacteriosis.

Serum therapy: diagnosed, early, adequate.

Antibiotics, especially penicillin and antiserum, are prone to allergic reactions.

4. Symptomatic therapy: reduce or eliminate symptoms. Antipyretic, analgesic, calm, and strong heart to improve microcirculation. The animal is allowed to pass through a dangerous period, so that the body's immune function and pathogenic therapy can play its role in clearing pathogens, promoting and ensuring recovery.

5. Rehabilitation therapy Some infectious diseases such as polio and meningitis can cause a certain degree of sequelae, it is necessary to take acupuncture, physiotherapy and other treatments to promote rehabilitation.

6. Traditional Chinese medicine plays an important role in adjusting the functions of various systems of the affected animals. Some Chinese medicines such as Coptis, Houttuynia cordata and Radix Isatidis have anti-microbial effects.

Common sense of infectious disease prevention in autumn and winter: several common infectious diseases

With the arrival of the autumn and winter seasons, the temperature gradually declines, the weather is cold, and the wind is dry and dry, which is a high incidence of some intestinal infectious diseases, insect-borne diseases and respiratory infectious diseases. What are the common infectious diseases in autumn and winter?

Common sense of infectious disease prevention in autumn and winter: several common infectious diseases

1. Influenza: referred to as influenza, is an acute respiratory infection caused by influenza virus. The main source of infection is patients and virus carriers. It is the most contagious in the first three days before the onset of the disease. The spread of the virus with sneezing, coughing, or talking

Main manifestations: rapid onset, high fever, chills, headache, muscle and joint pain, general malaise, nasal congestion, sore throat and dry cough, a small number of patients may have nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and other gastrointestinal symptoms.

2. Common cold: main performance: sore throat, nasal congestion and runny nose, tears, sneezing, mild fever, headache and sore throat, rarely have symptoms of high fever and body aches, short onset.

3. Chickenpox: Acne is an acute infectious disease caused by varicella zoster virus infection.

Control and elimination of infectious diseases

spectrum of disease control
Because of their specific epidemic, characteristics and different external environment, various infectious diseases have great differences in their prevention goals. At present, most infectious diseases can only aim at controlling the incidence and prevention of epidemics. Very few diseases are effective because they are mature and can meet the elimination requirements. Very few diseases can achieve the goal of elimination under the premise of mature conditions and the concerted efforts of all countries in the world. The prevention of infectious diseases, from control to elimination to elimination of the differences in disease prevention strategies and measures, is called the spectrum of disease control. In order to prevent diseases and promote human health, people expect to gradually control the diseases that are currently difficult to control, and on this basis, they can move toward elimination, and finally achieve the goal of elimination. This process is not only a beautiful ideal of mankind, but also an extremely arduous process. To achieve this goal depends on scientific progress, including the progress of epidemiology and the preparation of relevant conditions.

Control and elimination of infectious diseases

Control refers to reducing the incidence and/or prevalence of the disease. Some diseases have obvious control effects. Once the countermeasures and measures are implemented, the incidence rate drops significantly, such as polio vaccine against polio, measles vaccine against measles, and improved drinking water supply for chronic water-type typhoid fever. There are also some diseases or due to the complex environment, or there are still no effective countermeasures and measures at this stage, so even if measures are taken, the effect is not obvious. There are still many diseases that fall into this category.

What are the preventive measures for infectious diseases?

What are the preventive measures for infectious diseases?

What are the preventive measures for infectious diseases?

Infectious disease prevention measures can be divided into:

• Preventive measures when the epidemic situation does not occur;
• Epidemic prevention measures after the occurrence of the epidemic;
• Therapeutic preventive measures.

Preventive measures
The most effective way to control infectious diseases is prevention and control. Because of the three basic conditions of infectious diseases (the source of infection, the route of transmission and the susceptible population), the lack of any one can not cause the epidemic of infectious diseases, so the prevention of infectious diseases is also Mainly focused on these three aspects:

1. Control the source of infection: This is the most effective way to prevent infectious diseases. For infectious diseases of human infection, it is necessary to properly arrange the patient or the source carrier in a designated isolation position, temporarily isolate from the crowd, actively carry out treatment, care, and have infectious secretions, excretions and utensils, etc. Perform the necessary disinfection to prevent the spread of pathogens. However, if it is an unknown source of infection, especially the source of infection of the animal, it is not easy to get accurate results because it determines the need for epidemiological causal inference and the results of laboratory tests. When a sudden acute infectious disease occurs, it is more difficult to lock the source of infection in a short time. However, once the source of infection is determined, it is necessary to take effective measures to control the source of infection in time to ensure that the source of infection will not continue to spread the pathogen to susceptible populations.

Classification management of infectious diseases

According to the degree of harm of infectious diseases and the supervision, monitoring and management measures to be taken, according to the internationally harmonized classification standards, combined with the actual situation, 39 kinds of acute and chronic infectious diseases with high incidence, large epidemic and serious harm will be adopted nationwide. It is classified as a legally managed infectious disease, and is classified into three categories: A, B, and C according to the mode of transmission, speed, and degree of harm to humans.

Classification management of infectious diseases

Class A infectious disease
Class A infectious diseases are also known as compulsory management of infectious diseases, including: plague, cholera. The time limit for reporting the epidemic after the occurrence of such an infectious disease, the isolation of the patient, the pathogen carrier, the treatment method, and the treatment of the epidemic point and the epidemic area are all enforced.

Class B infectious disease
Class B infectious diseases are also known as strict management of infectious diseases, including: infectious atypical pneumonia, AIDS, viral hepatitis, polio, human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza, measles, epidemic hemorrhagic fever, rabies, epidemics Japanese encephalitis, dengue fever, anthrax, bacterial and amoebic dysentery, tuberculosis, typhoid and paratyphoid fever, epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis, whooping cough, diphtheria, neonatal tetanus, scarlet fever, brucellosis, gonorrhea , syphilis, leptospirosis, schistosomiasis, malaria, human infection with H7N9 avian influenza. Such infectious diseases must be prevented and controlled in strict accordance with relevant regulations and prevention programs. Among them, infectious atypical pneumonia, pulmonary anthrax in anthrax, and human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza are included in Category B, but they can directly take preventive and control measures for Class A infectious diseases.

What are the disinfection methods for infectious diseases?

Disinfection purpose and method

What are the disinfection methods for infectious diseases?

Infectious disease disinfection is the use of physical or chemical methods to eliminate the retention of different media.
Pathogens, which cut off the route of transmission and prevent and control the occurrence of infection. Its purpose:
(1) Preventing the spread of pathogens into society and causing epidemics.
(2) Prevent the patient from being infected by other pathogens, complications, and cross infection.
(3) It also protects medical staff from immune infections.

Disinfection alone is not enough to achieve the above objectives. It is necessary to carry out the necessary isolation measures and aseptic operations at work in order to achieve the effect of controlling infection. The effects of disinfection are different for infectious diseases caused by different transmission mechanisms. Infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, the pathogens are excreted with excrement or vomit, and the scope of pollution is relatively limited. If the disinfection can be carried out in a timely and normal manner, the transmission route is cut off, and the effect of interrupting the transmission is better. Respiratory infectious diseases, pathogens are discharged with breathing, coughing, sneezing, and then spread by droplets and dust. The scope of pollution is not accurate. It is difficult to carry out disinfection. Space separation must be taken at the same time to interrupt the infection. Insect-borne diseases take methods such as killing insects and killing rats.

What are the diagnostic methods for infectious diseases?

What are the diagnostic methods for infectious diseases?

What are the diagnostic methods for infectious diseases?

The diagnosis is mainly based on medical records and photographic images (such as X-ray). However, the most important diagnostic tool for infectious diseases is microbial culture. The appropriate substances are provided in the culture medium and placed in the sample of the patient's sample. It is commonly used to diagnose staphylococcus or Bacterial infection of streptococcus. Some vectors cannot be cultured manually, especially most viruses and leptospirosis. In the past, the use of serological markers for the examination of patients has been developed, including the use of antibodies as one of the examination methods. Newer technology can directly use viruses or pathogen-related proteins in blood or secretions. As a polymerase chain reaction, not only the test speed is fast, but also the accuracy is greatly improved.

What are the transmission routes of infectious diseases? What is the way of communication?

Transmission of infectious disease

What are the transmission routes of infectious diseases? What is the way of communication?

The pathogen is discharged from the infected person, and after a certain transmission route, the susceptible person is introduced to form a new process of infection. Infectious diseases can occur and spread in a certain population, and must have three basic links: the source of infection, the route of transmission and the susceptible population.

Sources of infection In humans, there are pathogens that grow and reproduce, and humans and animals that can be discharged from pathogens, that is, people and animals that are infected with infectious diseases or carry pathogens. Patients with infectious diseases are an important source of infection and have a large number of pathogens in their bodies. At various stages of the disease, the patient's source of infection has a different effect, which is mainly related to the number of diseases, the number of pathogens discharged, and the extent and frequency of contact between the patient and the surrounding population. For example, most patients with infectious diseases can discharge a large number of pathogens when they have clinical symptoms, which threaten the surrounding population and is an important source of infection. However, some patients, such as whooping cough, have more pathogens in the catarrhal period and are highly contagious. However, the number of pathogens discharged during the cough period is significantly reduced, and the infectivity is gradually reduced. Another example is that hepatitis B patients are contagious at the end of the incubation period.

What is an infectious disease infection?

Infection is the process of interaction between a pathogen and the human body. Pathogens invade the body, breaking through defense functions, growing and breeding, causing pathophysiological changes.

What is an infectious disease infection?

Types of
1. Primary infection, the first time the human body is infected with a certain pathogen. Some infectious diseases rarely re-infect, such as measles, chickenpox, and mumps.

2. Re-infection An infection in which the human body is again infected by the same pathogen on the basis of infection by a certain pathogen. Often referred to as schistosomiasis and hookworm disease.

3. Co-infection The human body is simultaneously infected with two or more pathogens. Less common.

What are the characteristics of infectious diseases?

Pathogen
Each infectious disease is caused by its specific pathogen, which can be a microbe or a parasite. Including viruses, bacteria, fungi or parasites.

What are the characteristics of infectious diseases?

Contagious
Infectiousness is the main difference between infectious diseases and other types of diseases. Infectious diseases mean that pathogens can be transmitted to others through various channels. The infectious period of infectious disease patients is called the infectious period. Pathogens are excreted from the host, and reach a certain infectious body through certain means, showing a certain contagiousness, and the intensity of infection is related to the type, quantity, virulence, immune status of the susceptible population.

Epidemiological characteristics

1. Epidemiology is divided into strong pathogens and breadths of infectious disease epidemics. Dissemination: refers to the occurrence of infectious diseases in the crowd; epidemic: refers to a region or a unit, the incidence of a certain infectious disease in a certain period of time, exceeding the incidence level of the same period of the previous year; pandemic: refers to An infectious disease spreads and spreads rapidly in a short period of time, exceeding the general epidemic intensity. Outbreaks: refers to a local area or unit that suddenly has many patients with the same disease in a short period of time.

2. Endemic refers to certain infectious diseases or parasitic diseases, in which the host is affected by geographical conditions and changes in temperature conditions, and is often limited to a certain geographical range. Such as insect-borne diseases, natural epidemic diseases.

What is an infectious disease? What are the characteristics of infectious diseases?

What is an infectious disease? What are the characteristics of infectious diseases?

What is an infectious disease? What are the characteristics of infectious diseases?

Infectious Diseases are diseases caused by various pathogens that can spread between humans, animals and animals, or between humans and animals. Most of the pathogens are microorganisms, a small part is a parasite, and parasites are also called parasitic diseases. In some infectious diseases, the epidemic prevention department must promptly grasp the morbidity of the disease and take timely countermeasures. Therefore, it should report to the local epidemic prevention department in time according to the stipulated time, which is called legal infectious disease. There are currently 39 types of legal infectious diseases in China, including A, B and C.

An infectious disease is an infectious disease that can be transmitted from one person or another species to another person or species through various routes. Usually, the disease can be directly contacted with infected individuals, the body fluids and excretions of infected people, and objects contaminated by infected people. It can be transmitted by air, water, food, contact, soil, and vertical. Mother-to-child transmission) and so on.